Qualifier Words in English

In English grammar, a  qualifier is a word or phrase  (such as very) that precedes an adjective or adverb, increasing or decreasing the quality signified by the word it modifies.   Here are some of the most common qualifiers in English (though a number of these words have other functions as well): very, quite, rather, somewhat, more, most, less, least, too, so, just, enough, indeed, still, almost, fairly, really, pretty, even, a bit, a little, a (whole) lot, a good deal, a great deal, kind of, sort of. Compare their usage with  intensifiers, which amplify what they modify and are adjectives or adverbs, and  degree adverbs, which can modify verbs and other modifiers. Some qualifiers have more limited usage contexts than others. In the third edition of English Grammar: A University Course, Angela Downing illustrates, using fairly:   Fairly  as a modifier indicates an almost large or reasonable degree of a quality (fairly accurate, fairly well-off). It can be used more easily with favourable and neutral adjectives than with strongly  unfavourable  ones, as with  fairly honest, fairly intelligent, fairly reasonable, but not  ?fairly dishonest, ?fairly foolish, ?fairly [sic] unreasonable: He seems to have a  fairly  good idea  of what he wants to do. (Routledge, 2014) Writing Advice An over-reliance on qualifiers is a sign of amateurish writing. To improve your writing, go through your text and find all the qualifiers. Take them out wherever you can. As needed, revise the sentences or sections relying heavily  on them to give more detail  and more specifics. Use better verbs in the sentences or description to show—rather than tell—whats going on. Then you wont even need the qualifiers, because the imagery or the argument will be painted much more thoroughly for the reader. Qualifiers have their place, Mignon Fogarty advises, but make sure theyre not just taking up space (Grammar Girl Presents the Ultimate Writing Guide for Students, 2011).   The famous writing book by William Strunk Jr. and E.B. White has more strict advice:   Avoid the use of  qualifiers.  Rather, very, little, pretty—these are the leeches that infest the pond of prose, sucking the blood of words. The constant use of the adjective  little  (except to indicate size) is particularly debilitating; we should all try to do a little better, we should all be very watchful of this rule, for it is a rather important one, and we are pretty sure to violate it now and then. (The Elements of Style, 3rd ed. Macmillan, 1979) Qualifiers vs. Adverbs Qualifiers seem to work like adverbs—and theyll even be in the dictionary listed as such—but they differ slightly from your basic adverb.  Thomas P. Klammer and Muriel R. Schulz explained:   Traditional grammarians usually classified qualifiers as adverbs of degree, and at first glance, judging on the basis of meaning and function, this seems reasonable. Degree adverbs—like  completely, absolutely, extremely,  and  excessively—can fit into the same position as the prototype, and they have similar meanings.However, qualifiers are not true adverbs; they fail to fulfill several of the criteria for adverbs....First, qualifiers do not modify verbs....Second, with one or two exceptions, like  really  and  fairly, qualifiers do not have adverb derivational  suffixes. Third, qualifiers cannot be made  comparative  or  superlative....And fourth, qualifiers do not  intensify. (Analyzing English Grammar. Allyn and Bacon, 1992)

Women And Employment Is Unfair - 1556 Words

In today’s society women have more access to doing the same thing as men such as working in higher positions. However, women are getting paid fifty five cents of every dollar that men make. The way society treat women with employment is unfair because as women we do the same work or sometimes twice as more. Even though time have change equality for the workplace only change by 6% of a 100% scale. We as individuals have so much work to do when it comes to improving our workplace not for just men but women too. Women in the early 1900s didn’t get a chance to broaden their horizon when it came to working because all they had knowledge of was to find a husband, be a housewife, and be a mother. In the 1920’s the time of the Great Depression where the economic crisis and period of low business activity began in October 1929 through the 1930’s.Around this time period women started to evolve and gain employment with the men but still not making as much as the men did. As time went on women began getting even more involved in the workforce throughout the 1920s and there was a growing appeal to work. Society was accepting women into average jobs, however, most assumed that women need to work feminine type of positions. These occupations were those such as secretary work or telephone operators. They were also highly underpaid at that time for the amount of work they were doing but equal payment laws wasn’t around yet. At this point in history women had become more educated,Show MoreRelatedThe Protection For Women s Employment And Health During Pregnancy Essay1683 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Pregnancy is an inherent quality directed solely to women, therefore it is much deserving of special protection. The dawn of democracy in 1994 brought with it a new era of labour rights. No longer may employers unfairly discriminate against workers on the basis of gender or sex. Unfair treatment or dismissal on this basis amounts to gender discrimination. Legal pressure is important to protect women’s employment and health during pregnancy. Among the complexities of gender equalityRead MoreSex, Religion, And Discrimination1132 Words   |  5 Pagesfull-time women employee earns 78 cents of every dollar a male earns, this ratio differs from one state to another and it varies from 91cents in DC to 66 cents in Louisiana(2) shows the un-uniformity among the state laws. Many people hide their gender identity in the workplace, to get recognized for their talents, because they are afraid that the gender bias may restrict their growth. In the screenshot below from Equal Employment O pportunity data analysis, it is clear that the presence of women in theRead MoreNegative Effects of Gender Discrimination at Workplaces in the USA1037 Words   |  5 Pagesemphasized as an acute and persistent problem. In the USA, this is predominantly due to that fact that women are demanding their rights at workplaces. 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Management in A Global Environment †Free Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Management in A Global Environment. Answer: Introduction The global business environment refers to the prevailing environment in various sovereign countries having factors that the home environment of organization does not have that influences the decision making process along with the use of resources. The global business environment can further be classified into that of internal and external environment. The external environment will be inclusive of the social, political, legal and cultural environment. Companies that are operating at the international arena should be able to understand social environment in relation to the host country where they are operating. There are a large number of MNC that are operating in different parts of the globe. Companies should acquaint themselves with the culture of the country where they are operating for providing the perfect output. This report will throw light on the issues that an expatriate manager may have to face and highlight the skills that that are cherished to perform an international role successfully. A multivariate approach will be followed to recruit an international manager who will be able to successfully carry out his role perfectly for the successful running of an organization. Issues that an expatriate manager may face An expatriate refers to an employee who is working provisionally and is living outside of his home country. Hofstedes work was published in the year 1980 and it argued that many theories related to management like that of Herzberr, Mausner, and Mc Gregor are invalid because the authors fall prey to cultural bias that would be manifested intrinsically in their cultural make up. According to Hofstede, national cultures differ mainly owing to four factors. They are avoidance of uncertainity, power distance, individualism and masculinity. (Block 2016).Understanding the differences of cultures is extremely important for organizations as it will be able to expand beyond the sphere of their own national boundary and will thus be able to win loyalty of customers who are residing across globe. Time is conceived differently in different cultures which relies on the history of the place. There are two time systems that prevail one is monochromic and the other one is polychromic. The cultures th at follow the monochromic framework think of time in a linear fashion and they give more focus on people as compared to that of information. The cultures that follow polychromic structure of time do not rely much on information and their schedules are flexible (Bcker et al. 2016). There are some cultures that put more importance on past traditions. Their plans will be in accordance with the past traditions of the company. There are companies that focus on the long term benefits. Companies that are future oriented give more importance to plans along with that of results. There are some cultures that accept inequality and as a result of this no effort is made to alter the current situation. There are cultures that give importance to equality that facilitates in maintaining effective relationship within an organisation (Comfort and Franklin 2014). In a free market, management gives more importance to competition. Some organisations give importance to competition in between the employee s which helps in making the employees more creative. More focus is laid on wealth and performance when competition within an organization is valued. Some companies have cultures where focus is laid on developing a measurable time framed action. In being cultures more importance is laid on vision of the company. The perception in relation to space varies in different cultures. There are things that are considered as private in one culture can be considered as public by another culture. There are some cultures where family issues are discussed in an open manner whereas in another culture privacy will be considered to be of supreme importance. The concept of context that is the surrounding circumstances within which communication occurs differs in different cultures. In a high context communication, information is provided in the coded form whereas in the context of low context information the greater part of the information is provided in explicit code (Dabic, Gonzlez-Loureiro and Har vey 2015). The organizational structure of business also differs in different cultures. The culture that gives importance to individualism lays stress on individual above that of the group. The individual is held to be more self-reliant and difference does not exist between that of in-group and that of out-group. Collectivism on the other hand lays more emphasis on shares values within the framework of a group. The interest of the group is given more importance as compared to that of the individual. Research conducted by Hofstede revealed that in the United States parents rear their children by teaching them about self-reliance and they were free to voice out their individual opinion. The Japanese, Chinese and Malaysians emphasize the group approach as compared to that of the individual (Delaney et al. 2017). Skills and abilities in successful international manager A different set of skill set is required today to thrive in the arena of international business. The business environment nowadays is volatile and complex. Knowledge about the technical know-how is essential but it is the garnering of soft skills that will mark the difference between that of survival and that of being successful in the domain of international business. It has been found that international managers possess cross-cultural communication skill, resilience, excellent abilities for networking, emotional intelligence, collaboration, adaptive thinking and the skills related to interpersonal influence (Deresky 2017). Respect, diplomacy, an open mind and research will be required to work in an international platform because an international business will have people coming from different cultural background. Having an in-depth knowledge about how workplace confrontation is interpreted in other cultures is crucial for maintaining effective relationship with the co-workers. List ening skill is an important aspect of maintaining effective communication in an organization. Successful networking skills will be able to open opportunity for the expansion of business (Fombrun, Ponzi and Newburry 2015). Taking part in networking events related to industry will help in meeting professionals who are like-minded. Ability of collaboration and working together is of high importance in the world of business. Humility is an essential trait in an ideal manager and one should allow other people to take lead. Confidence is required which would help in dealing with crisis. One should have the ability to influence other people and should be able to build respect. One should be assertive without engaging in aggressive acts (Guo, Rammal and Dowling 2016). An international manager has the ability to adapt quickly to a situation and adaptive thinkers will be able to prosper in an environment that is ever-changing. Having curiosity can help to a large extent in breeding adaptive t hinking. In situations when a swift response will be required adaptive thinking will help in taking an action that will be thoughtful rather than giving in to the dictates of others. Tactical skill is a highly enviable quality of professionals working in the international domain. Strong emotional intelligence is a critical skill that should be present in international managers. They would be able to react in a calm manner in case of a critical situation. Mental toughness is an essential trait in an ideal international manager (Jovcheska and Popovski 2015).Failure and setback is inevitable in the world of business hence resilience is an important quality in the international manager. It is necessary for achieving success and allows one to meet the challenges in relation to global business. It helps one in maintaining motivation and in overcoming risk. An international manager is a good negotiator and he should have strong negotiating skills that will help him in doing business across national boundaries (Kang and Shen 2017). An international manager should have an aura and charisma that will prove to be of great help in dealing with people. His attire, confidence level and interest in other people are crucial for his profession and it will help in influencing other people. A global business leader should respect affiliations related to other people. The identities of others should be respected to create the ideal environment at work. Multivariate analysis in recruiting international manager Multivariate analysis revolves round the observation and analysis of more than one variable at a time. It helps in performing studies across different dimensions. The goals of international assignment should be specified and the strategic value should be determined which should be on the basis of strategic objectives of the organization (Knocke et al. 2017). The international manager should be motivated and qualified so that can carry out his duty successfully. The candidate should have the competency so that he is able to successfully achieve his goal. He should be able to minimize the risk related to assignment failure and the costs related. The multivariate analysis should be done in such a manner that would maximise the benefit of the organization along with that of the candidate. The characteristics of a multinational company will be crucial in selecting the right employee. Due care should be taken to prepare the employees for the challenges that will arise when one takes up the new position. The expatriates should be provided with all kinds of help that will facilitate their adjustment in the new atmosphere and allow them to work in an efficient manner during the entire period of their contract. The difficulties in relation to performance appraisal will come from the conflict in between that of global and subsidiary objectives and volatility in relation to that of the international market (ODonohue, Hutchings and Hansen 2017). The variable levels in relation to the maturity of market will be another arena of contention. International managers have to face a lot of difficulty in adjusting to the new environment of another place and he should have the mental ability to cope with the challenges of a new place. The nature of technology will be different in a foreign country and the foreign manager should be adequately equipped to deal with this that may lead to frustration. Due care should be taken to understand his capability in the area of technology. He sh ould be equipped with technical, human and conceptual skills that will help him to handle the international portfolio successfully. A combination of training, on job exposure along with that of formal education will help him to carry out his duties in the right manner. Interpersonal skills are also a necessity in todays world and managers have to work with people so they should have the ability to communicate effectively. Cohesion, fairness and good will are contributory factors for the growth of an organization (Peltokorpi and Vaara 2014). Human skills will help the manager in communicating and motivating an employee so that productivity is increased within the organization. Analytical ability so that he is able to envision both parts and sum will add to the conceptual skill set of the manager. The conceptual skills of the manager will help him in solving problems in a calculated manner. The chaotic environment of business in todays world necessitates conceptual skills in the manag ers. An international manager should have the vision and he should have the ability to articulate that vision. Visionaries know how to handle changes and can draw new boundaries. They should have the ability to make other people feel that they are an integral part of the project (Rees and Smith 2017). Acculturation in expatriation and repatriation of international managers The last two decades have revealed that personnel administrators who are working in multinational companies have been troubled by a recurring problem that revolved round the premature returning of expatriate managers (Vijayakumar et al. 2016). The expatriate managers cannot adjust to the business environment of host culture and it proves to be costly for the management. The cost involved in recruiting an expatriate manager is immense and in case they cannot adjust themselves in the new position it proves to be extremely detrimental for the future of the company. The expatriate manager may choose to live in a place that is largely populated by people of his source country. They do not have to learn the language of their new place and they try to refrain from communicating with people of their new place that can pose to be a big problem. Thus expatriation may force other people to face the problem of linguistic assimilation and they feel out of place in the new environment. Emotional a ssimilation is another area in which the international manager may face problem (Silbiger et al. 2017). Their loyalties will be divided between the two cultures. Empirical evidence has suggested that cultural adjustment is extremely necessary for being successful in job as maladjustment will create psychological stress and it will have negative repercussion on his career. The personality trait of the immigrant will be able to determine whether he would be able to match to norms and practices of host country (Stahl et al. 2016). The research that is conducted should be inclusive of dynamics over a period of time because many individual who have lived and worked outside the confines of their home country often imbibe a global mindset and the acculturation framework becomes insufficient in such a case. Culture shock can result in anxiety that occurs when the individual loses all the familiar signs in relation to social intercourse. Culture shock results in stress, sense of loss, sense of becoming an outcast, confusion and evokes a sense of powerlessness. Cross cultural training can be of acute help to the expatriates (Story et al. 2014). The expatriates should create positive attitude that would help in dealing with emotions and learning language will prove to be a great boon in understanding host country. They should try to accept and adapt to foreign environment. The expatriates should be able to conceive of the people and customs as their own that will make their experience enjoyable (Vaiman, Haslberger and Vance 2015). Conclusion: An international manager has to face many hurdles as he tries to assimilate himself into the new culture. Different cultures have different conception of time that complicates the situation for the expatriates (Townsend, Regan and Li 2015). Technical knowledge is essential for an international manager however it is the perfect learning of soft skills that will create difference between survival and being successful. Resilience is an important quality in the international manager since failure is bound to be encountered in the world of management. The expatriates should be provided intensive help that will help them to adjust to the new environment. The conceptual skills in the international manager will prove to be of great boon in solving problems. Expatriation will force people to face the problem of linguistic assimilation along with that of emotional assimilation. The expatriates should have a positive attitude that would be immensely helpful while dealing with emotions. References: Block, P., 2016.The empowered manager: Positive political skills at work. John Wiley Sons. Bcker, J., Bcker, J., Poutsma, E., Poutsma, E., Monster, H. and Monster, H., 2016. How and why does expatriation management influence expatriates employability?.Journal of Global Mobility: The Home of Expatriate Management Research,4(4), pp.432-452. Comfort, J. and Franklin, P., 2014.The mindful international manager: How to work effectively across cultures. Kogan Page Publishers. Dabic, M., Gonzlez-Loureiro, M. and Harvey, M., 2015. Evolving research on expatriates: what is knownafter four decades (19702012).The International Journal of Human Resource Management,26(3), pp.316-337. Delaney, Y., Pattinson, B., McCarthy, J. and Beecham, S., 2017. Transitioning from traditional to problem-based learning in management education: the case of a frontline manager skills development programme.Innovations in Education and Teaching International,54(3), pp.214-222. Deresky, H., 2017.International management: Managing across borders and cultures. Pearson Education India. Fombrun, C.J., Ponzi, L.J. and Newburry, W., 2015. Stakeholder tracking and analysis: The RepTrak system for measuring corporate reputation.Corporate Reputation Review,18(1), pp.3-24. Guo, Y., Rammal, H.G. and Dowling, P.J., 2016. Global talent management and staffing in MNEs: An introduction to the edited volume of international business and management. InGlobal Talent Management and Staffing in MNEs(pp. xv-xxiv). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Jovcheska, S. and Popovski, V., 2015, November. PROFESSIONAL PROFILE OF A SUCCESSFUL INTERNATIONAL MANAGER. InPROCEEDINGS FROM THE(p. 137). Kang, H. and Shen, J., 2017. International Recruitment and Selection Policies and Practices. InInternational Human Resource Management in South Korean Multinational Enterprises(pp. 51-84). Springer Singapore. Knocke, J., Knocke, J., Schuster, T. and Schuster, T., 2017. Repatriation of international assignees: Where are we and where do we go from here? A systematic literature review.Journal of Global Mobility,5(3), pp.275-303. ODonohue, W., Hutchings, K. and Hansen, S.D., 2017. Psychological contracts: enhancing understanding of the expatriation experience. Peltokorpi, V. and Vaara, E., 2014. Knowledge transfer in multinational corporations: Productive and counterproductive effects of language-sensitive recruitment.Journal of International Business Studies,45(5), pp.600-622. Rees, G. and Smith, P. eds., 2017.Strategic human resource management: An international perspective. Sage. Silbiger, A., Berger, R., Barnes, B.R. and WS Renwick, D., 2017. Improving expatriation success: the roles of regulatory focus and burnout.British Journal of Management,28(2), pp.231-247. Stahl, G.K., Tung, R.L., Kostova, T. and Zellmer-Bruhn, M., 2016. Widening the lens: Rethinking distance, diversity, and foreignness in international business research through positive organizational scholarship. Story, J.S., Barbuto, J.E., Luthans, F. and Bovaird, J.A., 2014. Meeting the challenges of effective international HRM: Analysis of the antecedents of global mindset.Human Resource Management,53(1), pp.131-155. Townsend, P., Regan, P. and Li, L.L., 2015. Developing international managers: the contribution of cultural experience to learning.International Journal of Educational Management,29(2), pp.234-251. Vaiman, V., Haslberger, A. and Vance, C.M., 2015. Recognizing the important role of self-initiated expatriates in effective global talent management.Human Resource Management Review,25(3), pp.280-286. Vijayakumar, P.B., Vijayakumar, P.B., Cunningham, C.J. and Cunningham, C.J., 2016. Cross-cultural adjustment and expatriation motives among Indian expatriates.Journal of Global Mobility: The Home of Expatriate Management Research,4(3), pp.326-344.

Impact Of Recognition Disclosure Financial -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Impact Of Recognition Disclosure Financial? Answer: Introduction In todays business world, Financial Reporting refers to one of the major aspects for the success of the companies. Financial accounting refers to a particular field of accounting that is concerned with the summary, analysis and reporting of the financial transactions related with the business operations (Scott 2015). This aspect also involves in the effective and correct development and presentation of financial statements of the business organizations. Advanced financial reporting is an integral part of the process of financial accounting that put an obligation on the companies to comply with the required accounting regulations and standards for the preparation and presentation of financial statements. The main purpose of the development and presentation of financial statements is to inform the investors about the financial health of the companies with the assistance of company annual report. For this reason, business organizations are required to comply with the required recognitio n criteria for various financial substances like revenue, assets and liabilities (Nobes 2014). The main aim of this report is compare and contrasts the recognition criteria of revenue, assets and liabilities of two Australian ASX listed mining companies; they are BHP Billiton and Evolution Mining. Introduction of the Companies BHP Billiton is one of the biggest Anglo-Australian multinational mining companies. The company was established in the year of 1885 and the company is headquartered at Melbourne, Australia. BHP Billiton mainly deals with mining, metals and petroleum products. The main products of the company are iron ore, coal, petroleum, copper, natural gas, nickel, uranium and others. From the business operations of BHP Billiton, it can be observed that the company operates under a dual listed company structure and the firm has two parent companies; they are BHP Billiton Limited and BHP Billiton PLC. A unified board is responsible for the business operations of the company. In the year 2015, BHP Billiton took a step for the simplification of their business portfolio with the creation of an independent global mining corporation (bhp.com 2018). Evolution Mining Evolution Mining is a major Australian gold mining company. The company was established in the year of 2011. The focus of the company is to operate in a safe and efficient way. Evolution Mining operates in five gold mining operations (evolutionmining.com.au 2018). Three of them are in Queensland, one in New South Wales and another one in Western Australia. It can be seen that the company has achieved many milestones over the years. Evolution Mining was announced as the winner of the NSW Mining Safety Excellence Award in the year 2016. At December 2016, the ore gold reserve of the company stood 6.99 million ounces and the mineral resources were 14.18 million ounces (evolutionmining.com.au 2018). Comparing and Contrasting the Revenue Recognition Criteria From the latest annual report of BHP Billiton, it can be observed that there are two sources of revenue for the company; they are Sale of Products and Provisionally Priced Sales. From the latest annual report of BHP Billiton, it can be seen that the company measured their business revenue based on fair value of the received or receivable consideration (Wagenhofer 2014). More specifically, the recognition of the revenue from sale of products is done where there is a transfer of risk and reward ownership of the products to the customers based on pre-determined delivery time and their measurement can be done on a reliable basis (bhp.com 2018). On the other hand, the recognition of the revenue from provisionally priced products are done on the basis of fair value of the received or receivable consideration based on the contractual price. In this context, it needs to be mentioned that the determination of the sales price is done on the basis of fair value agreement. The time between provi sional pricing and final invoice pricing is 60 to 120 days. Thus, it can be seen that the company has followed the principles of Australian Accounting Standard Board (AASB) for the purpose of revenue recognition (bhp.com 2018). Evolution Mining From the latest financial reports of Evolution Mining, it can be observed that the company has followed a simple process for the recognition of their business revenues. Evolution Mining uses to recognize their revenue from the sales of business goods when a transfer of the ownership of risk and reward is there from the company to the customers based on the pre-determined price (evolutionmining.com.au 2018). In this context, it needs to be mentioned that the quality and quantity of the products need to be determined in an accurate basis. Moreover, the measurement of the revenue is done based on fair value. The company uses the provisional price agreements for the metals of concentrate sales. On the other hand, prevailing spot price is used for the selling price of metal concentrates (Srivastava 2013). The time between provisional pricing and final invoice pricing is 30 to 90 days. Apart from these, the company does the recognition of provisionally priced sales is done based on the fai r value estimation of the total received consideration and receivable consideration (evolutionmining.com.au 2018). Fro the above discussion, it can be seen that both BHP Billiton and Evolution Mining follow fair value accounting for the recognition of revenue. As per similarity, it can be seen that both the companies have two sources of revenue; they are revenue from sale of goods and revenue from provisionally priced sales. As both of the companies operates in Australia and both of them have complied with the principles of AASB, a large number of similarities can be seen. Comparing and Contrasting the Asset Recognition Criteria From the latest annual report of BHP Billiton, it can be observed that the company has adopted different strategies for the recognition of different assets. The first type of assets is Property, Plant and Equipment (PPE) (bhp.com 2018). For the computation of PPE, BHP Billiton uses to record them at the cost value after the deduction of accumulated depreciation and impairment charges. In this aspect, the cost of PPE refers to the fair value of the assets obtained at the time of the acquisition and it includes the necessary directs costs associated with the implementation and development of PPE. The next type of asset in BHP Billiton is Intangible assets that include goodwill and other intangible assets. BHP Billiton does the recognition of goodwill when there is a difference between the fair values of the consideration at the time of acquisition and the fair value of the identifiable assets. In addition, the other intangible assets of the company are recognized at fair value after th e deduction of impairment charges and amortization costs (Cotter 2012). After that, trade and other receivables are the current assets of the company. It needs to be mentioned that BHP Billiton recognizes their trade receivables based on fair value after the consideration of amortization costs, effective interest rates, allowances and impairment costs. Inventories are another type of current assets of BHP Billiton. The latest annual report of BHP Billiton states that irrespective of the nature and type of inventory, their recognition is done at the lower cost of value and net realizable value. The determination of cost is done based on average costs. Moreover, it needs to be mentioned that BHP Billiton uses absorption-costing method for the determination of costs (bhp.com 2018). Evolution Mining As per the latest annual report of Evolution Mining, the recognition of plant and equipment is done based on cost price after the deduction of accumulated depreciation and impairment costs. Fair value is considered based for the determination of the costs of plant and machinery. Straight line method is used for depreciation purpose. Cash and cash equivalent is another type of assets for the company (evolutionmining.com.au 2018). Their recognition is done based on amortized costs. Another type of asset for Evolution Mining is trade and other receivable. For the recognition of trade and other receivables, fair value measurement basis is used after the consideration of amortized costs with the use of effective interest rate after deducting impairment. The due date for trade receivables is 30 days. The next type of asset of Evolution Mining is inventories. It needs to be mentioned that physical measurement is done for the measurement of inventories. Other hand, the recognition of invento ry is also done based on lower of cost and net realizable value (Biondi and Lapsley 2014). From the above discussion, it can be seen that there are many similarities in the recognition criteria of both BHP Billiton and Evolution Mining for assets. It can be observed that in most of the cases, both of the companies use fair value method for the recognition of PPE, trade receivables and intangible assets. However, in case of the recognition of inventory, difference can be seen. BHP Billiton uses fair value for the valuation of inventories where Evolution Mining uses physical method for the recognition of inventory. Comparing and Contrasting the Liability Recognition Criteria From the annual report of BHP Billiton, it can be observed that the company recognizes their trade and other payable on the basis of fair value (Clor?Proell, and Maines 2014). Another major liability of the company is net debt. The annual report states that net debt includes cash and short-term cash deposits. For the purpose of recognition, BHP Billiton considers the carrying value of these liabilities that is calculated on the basis of fair value (bhp.com 2018). In this context, it needs to be mentioned that the major components of net debt are bank loans, notes and debentures, finance leases, bank overdraft, short-term borrowings and others. In case of provisions, the recognition process is done in the presence of some significant judgment like the application or real discount rate, the timing of cash flows, the costs associated with future rehabilitation activities and others (bhp.com 2018). Evolution Mining In the annual reports of Evolution Mining, interest-bearing liabilities have major importance. Evolution Mining does the recognition of these liabilities based on fair value after deducting the transaction costs directly attributed towards the measurement of attribution costs. The recognition of gains and losses is done in the profit and loss account. After that, in case of trade and other payables, Evolution Mining does the recognition of the carrying value based on the fair value and it has been done due to the short-term nature of the liabilities (Mller, Riedl and Sellhorn 2015). It can be seen that there are different kinds of provision for the company. In case of the provisions of employee benefits, they are measured based on the amount expected to be paid at the time of settlement. On the other hand, the provisions for long-service leave liabilities are recognized based on the present value (evolutionmining.com.au 2018). From the above discussion, it can be seen that there are many similarities between BHP Billiton and Evolution Mining in the recognition of their business liabilities. It can be seen that both the companies use fair value for the recognition of their trade and other liabilities. However, it can be seen that there is a difference between the recognition criteria of provisions for both the companies. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be observed that both BHP Billiton and Evolution Mining have some similarities along with some differences in the recognition of their assets, liabilities and revenue. However, the portion of similarities is more than the portion of differences. In case of the recognition of revenue, the above discussion shows that both the companies have complied with the strategies of fair value method. Thus, there is not any difference. In case of assets, it can be observed that both BHP Billiton and Evolution Mining have applied fair value technique for obtaining cost of the assets after the deduction of accumulated depreciation and impairment. However, difference can be seen in case of the recognition of inventory as Evolution Mining use physical technique for the recognition of inventory. In case of liabilities, it can be seen that there is a difference between the recognition of provision due to the presence of different types of provisions for the companies. Based on the whole discussion, some recommendations are provided below: It is recommended to these companies to comply with the standards and regulations of AASB for the recognition of revenue. It is also recommended to these companies to adopt fair value measurement technique for recognizing assets and liabilities. References BHP Billiton. (2018).Our history. [online] Available at: https://www.bhp.com/our-approach/our-history [Accessed 31 Jan. 2018]. Bhp.com. (2018).Annual Report 2017. [online] Available at: https://www.bhp.com/investor-centre/-/media/documents/investors/annual-reports/2017/bhpannualreport2017.pdf [Accessed 31 Jan. 2018]. Biondi, L. and Lapsley, I., 2014. Accounting, transparency and governance: the heritage assets problem.Qualitative Research in Accounting Management,11(2), pp.146-164. CLOR?PROELL, S.M. and Maines, L.A., 2014. The impact of recognition versus disclosure on financial information: A preparer's perspective.Journal of Accounting Research,52(3), pp.671-701. Cotter, D., 2012.Advanced financial reporting: A complete guide to IFRS. Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Evolutionmining.com.au. (2018).Annual Report 2017. [online] Available at: https://evolutionmining.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/171020-Evolution-Mining-Annual-Report-2017.pdf [Accessed 31 Jan. 2018]. Evolutionmining.com.au. (2018).Evolution Mining Australian Gold Company. [online] Available at: https://evolutionmining.com.au/ [Accessed 31 Jan. 2018]. Evolutionmining.com.au. (2018).Overview Evolution Mining. [online] Available at: https://evolutionmining.com.au/overview/ [Accessed 31 Jan. 2018]. Mller, M.A., Riedl, E.J. and Sellhorn, T., 2015. Recognition versus disclosure of fair values.The Accounting Review,90(6), pp.2411-2447. Nobes, C., 2014.International Classification of Financial Reporting 3e. Routledge. Scott, W.R., 2015.Financial accounting theory(Vol. 2, No. 0, p. 0). Prentice Hall. Srivastava, A., 2013. Selling-price estimates in revenue recognition and earnings informativeness. Wagenhofer, A., 2014. The role of revenue recognition in performance reporting.Accounting and Business Research,44(4), pp.349-379.

Channel Tunnel between England and France

Free The Skinny Culture Analysis Essay

Free The Skinny Culture Analysis Essay The Skinny Culture Introduction The Western view of fashion and style has become obsessed with thinness. Dubbed the skinny culture, this social view maintains that aesthetic beauty and attractiveness coincides with an emaciated form. There are few limitations to the extent of thinness; in fact, for many, the attitude is the thinner, the better. This attitude is particularly prevalent among young women. This paper examines the phenomenon of the skinny culture, tracing its development and influence within the 1950s and 1960s to the present day. It begins with a section defining the skinny culture and then discusses the historical development of this cultural movement. Then, the paper explores how skinny culture manifests within the modern day and the impact of skinny culture upon society. In particular, the fashion industry helps to support the skinny culture and its values within the minds of Western youths. The skinny culture endorses exercise and helps individuals to avoid the negative health consequences associated with obesity. However, the skinny culture also risks the long term development of significant health problems associated with eating disorders and these negative consequences appear to be a significant threat to Western adolescent girls. What is the Skinny Culture? The discussion of the skinny culture should begin with a unified definition. The skinny culture associates the status of being thin physically with many positive, desirable characteristics, particularly for women. These include physical attractiveness, intelligence, self-control, health and sexuality (Miller et al., 2000). The skinny culture drives many to diet and participate in strict exercise regimes. However, the demands of the skinny culture cannot be achieved by everyone and this helps to maintain the status of skinny as being both enviable and difficult to obtain. The skinny culture similarly associates being overweight with negative characteristics. Individuals who are not skinny may be viewed as lazy, unattractive and weak willed. They may be viewed as being less sexually attractive and less fashionable. Obese women in particularly tend to be viewed as less graceful. The heightened understanding of the negative physical health effects associated with obesity further emphasizes the social desire to be thin. There are many potential advocates for the skinny culture First of all, the fashion industry promotes the skinny culture through its advertisements in order to boost sales in an efficient manner. Also, the media industry promotes the skinny culture because the camera tends to add weight; because of this, normal sized people may appear less attractive when in movies and commercials. This technological problem highlights the need for more skinny individuals. Furthermore, medical and health experts may promote the skinny culture because of the health benefits associated with being thin and avoiding obesity. The development of new technologies has resulted in a lifestyle that requires significantly less levels of exercise in order to survive. As a result, individuals who fail to engage in regular exercise are likely to gain weight. The skinny culture helps to create a social need for thinness since physical requirements no longer ensure that societys members are thin. The Development and History of the Skinny Culture The skinny culture is a relatively new historical phenomenon. Many cultures have associated physical beauty with being normal or even a bit healthy. A woman with a heavier frame would be considered voluptuous. Her ability to be well fed would demonstrate her familys wealth and further reinforce the idea of weight physically demonstrating social status. The history of skinny culture in the United States begins in the 1960s. During the previous decade, time, voluptuous women such as on these ads attests to the importance placed on obtaining a thin, attractive partner (Miller et al., 2000, p. 133). The medias reliance upon the use of thin models as a mode of promoting advertising had led to the increased acceptance of the skinny culture and the popularization of the idea that beauty requires thinness. The Impact of Skinny Culture upon Society The skinny culture certainly has some potential to generate positive societal benefits. In particular, the skinny culture helps to support a healthier lifestyle that promotes good eating habits and exercise. In fact, obesity has become one of the most serious health problems facing individuals living in the United States. The Center for Disease Control (2007) explained that during the past 20 years, there has been a dramatic increase in obesity in the United States (p. 1). In fact, in a survey of the 50 states populations, the CDC found that nearly half reported obesity rates in at least one fourth of their total populations (CDC, 2007). Western children also face an increased risk of obesity. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among American children has been increasing at an alarming rate (Story et al., 2006, p. 109). Childhood obesity is a problem that is occurring at an alarming frequency and obesity is one of the most serious health risks facing children today (Story et al , 2006). The skinny culture helps its adherents to avoid the negative health problems associated with obesity, including an increased risk of heart disease. Therefore, if the skinny culture helps to reduce the rate of obesity in the United States, then that should be regarded as an important advantage of the culture. Unfortunately, the dominance of the skinny culture is likely to lead to significant problems because the culture has the potential to become excessive. In particular, many individuals suffer psychological problems associated with their failure to conform to skinny ideals. Individuals are constantly receiving unclear and often harsh messages about attributes deemed important by society (Miller et al., 2000, p. 140). Overweight individuals face an increased risk of psychological problems such as depression or low self-esteem. Furthermore, the over-emphasis upon thinness as a necessary component of beauty has contributed to the increased incidence of eating disorders. Eating disorders are a serious health problem. While being too overweight can cause significant health problems, being too thin can also cause health problems. Golden et al (2003) explain that potentially irreversible medical complications in adolescents include: growth retardation loss of dental enamel structural brain changes pubertal delay or arrest and impaired acquisition of peak bone mass (p. 496-497). Eating disorders also have the potential of killing their victims because those who suffer eating disorders exhibit weakened immune systems and are more likely to succumb to fatal secondary conditions. Teens of both sexes are particularly likely to be impacted by the influence of the skinny culture. This is because of the physical and emotional challenges with adolescence. This stage of human development is very challenging and often teens seek outside approval in order to boost their self esteem. This pressure to meet established norms regarding physical appearance increases the likelihood of developing an eating disorder. These young people are particularly vulnerable to being influenced by media messages that support the skinny culture. Over five percent of all teenage girls develop an eating disorder (Golden, 2003). Teenage boys also face a high risk (Golden, 2003). Eating disorders are particularly damaging to teens because their bodies are still developing. The damage caused by an eating disorder is likely to be permanent and life altering. Some members of the population appear to face greater risks associated with thinness than others. For example, many studies and news articles have focused upon the fashion industry as one which cultivates an unhealthy skinny culture. The British Fashion Council reported that up to 40 percent of models may have eating disorders, compared with an estimated 3 percent of the overall population (Satter, 2007, p. 1). Fashion models are likely to suffer from eating disorders because they work in a professional field that glorifies and requires thinness. Conclusion: The Future of the Skinny Culture How long will the skinny culture continue to dominate the Western world? Some evidence demonstrates the likelihood that the popularity of the skinny culture is in a decline. First of all, some would continue that the skinny culture will inevitably decline because, as was the case with being voluptuous, not all people are capable of meeting skinny norms. Furthermore, the heightened concern over eating disorders creates societal pressure to stop emphasizing being thin as a necessary component of aesthetic beauty. In fact, even the industries that appear to be most influential in the perpetuation of the skinny culture appear to be less thrilled with the culture. Even members of the fashion industry recognize that the fashion industry is at least partially responsible for the perpetuation of the skinny culture. As one Italian official noted, its true that anorexia is not born on the catwalk but the fashion industry could not stand by as an indifferent spectator (Italian fashion 2007, p. 1). Individuals look to images in magazines, television and movies as the idealized forms of beauty. They naturally seek to emulate these examples. The underweight models inspired by the skinny culture have increased the risk of others developing an eating disorder. The thin models that we have seen on the catwalks have been a cause of the increase of this illness which has also caused numerous deaths (Italian fashion 2007, p. 1). In many nations around the world, the fashion industry is banning models who are t oo thin from working. These men and women are being required to gain weight for their own health and well-being. In the United Kingdom, the British Fashion Council recently decided to screen models for potential eating disorders as a pre-emptive health strategy (Satter, 2007). The UK has also recommended that the fashion industry begin to carefully screen teen models to ensure that they were not being exploited (Satter, 2007). In nations such as Italy and France, the restrictions against underweight models are even more stringent. Italy has an even more strict policy that requires its working models to maintain a BMI (body mass index) of 18 or higher. Under the new self regulation code drawn up in Italy by the government and designers all models in future shows will be full bodied, healthy and radiant Mediterranean types (Italian fashion 2006, p. 1). These nations have become known as being integral components of the fashion world and their actions are severe and send a very clear message. The fashion industry is not willing to tolerate the negative publicity associated with deaths associated with eating disorders. The days of the skinny cultures domination of Western society appear to be numbered. The banning of underweight models is important to the future of the skinny culture because the fashion industry helps to construct societys views of beauty. If heavier models become the established norm, then society is likely to change its views on beauty. The change is likely to be gradual. However, the change will mean an end to the skinny culture as society once again shifts to develop its views regarding aesthetics and sexual attractiveness in the human form.

Organizational Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organizational Theories - Essay Example In this case, managing organizational change entails planning and implementing change throughout the organization in order to minimize organizational costs and employee resistance in the organization (Cummings & Worley, 2009). Environmental uncertainty in the organization entails the degree to which the company is related to different environmental forces that the company has to deal with including the suppliers, customers and technology (Daft, Murphy, & Willmott, 2010). Uncertainty in the organization applies to predictable future events especially to physical measurements, which are already established in the organizational environment. Uncertainty tends to arise in stochastic or observable organizational environments or due to organizational ignorance. Dealing with uncertainty calls for managers to put in strategies that see to it that they are dealt with them when occur, and this prevents stalling of processes. Organizational design/change tends to generate uncertainties in the organizational environments. In most cases, complicated organizational framework through which the organization manages to realize its main qualities may end up creating complexities in the organizational environments. In simple terms, organizational changes and design lead to ambiguity in working environments (Daft, Murphy, & Willmott, 2010). Managing change and design in the organization perhaps remains the biggest challenge, which organizational managers face in most organizations today. Staying competitive in most markets would require that the organization remain open and adaptable to change. Therefore, organizational changes in this case would mean new processes and designs in the organization. Alternatively, it would mean keeping employees motivated, maintaining market demands and being open to organizational changes. In most cases, these aspects may create uncertainties in any working environment especially when the

Analysis of Electronic Payment Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of Electronic Payment Systems - Essay Example Electronic payment systems (EPS) can be classified into four main categories namely Online Electronic Cash System, Online Credit Card Payment System, Smart Cards based Electronic Payment System and Electronic Cheque System. These categories can be compared using various features. In terms of actual payment time, electronic cash and smart cards are prepaid whereas online credit card payment and electronic cheque are post paid/paid later. In Online Credit Card Payment and Electonic cash, all transactions are online but offline transactions are allowed in electronic cheque and smart cards. In Online Credit Card Payment, payments are made by the credit account, in electronic cheque, it is done by the bank acount and in smart cards, it is done by the smart card account. In electronic cash, there is no involvement of a bank account (Laudon and Laudon, 2008). As for their users, online credit card is open for all legitimate users of credit card, electronic cash is open for everybody while electronic cheque and smart cards are open for anyone with a bank account. In addition, smart card is also open for anyone with a credit card account. Online credit card can partially be used in real world, electronic cash can only be used in virtual world, smart cards can be used in used in real and virtual world and electronic cheque is limited to real world although its checking count can be shared with real world. Online credit card and smart cards are mobile whereas electronic cash and electronic cheque are not mobile. Transactions costs for online credit card are high thus it is not suitable for small payments. As for electronic cash and smart cards, their transaction costs are but low hence they are suitable for low transactions. Online credit card, electronic cash and smart cards have high levels of user anonymity but it is not found in electronic cheque (Laudon and Laudon, 2008). I mostly use electronic cash because it is open for anyone and there is no

The Borders Group Inc. Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

The Borders Group Inc. Company - Case Study Example In addition, the company owned the once drastically growing Borders Books & Music super shops as well as the Planet Music retail shops. All over the nation, the Borders brand was linked with shops that exclusively served all book and song enthusiasts. This was because the company possessed an extensive collection of limited and extinct titles and albums in addition to a significant variety of diverse forms of electronic literature (Aspen, 33). The company outlets, which had grown to 116 by the end of 1996, all offered consumers wide and comfortable sitting and browsing chambers, a informed client care band, and coffee counters that had live leisure activity. Thesis statement: this paper seeks to examine the Borders Company comprehensively. It will expound on its inception, history, and the events that finally led to its collapse in late 2011. In particular, the paper will focus on the role of the company’s top management in its eventual demise from the literature and publishing arena. Introduction The Borders Group Inc. appeared on the scene after breaking off from its mother corporation, Kmart Corporation, in early May 2005. However, the original Borders brand was in existence from 1971. The advent of the Borders name happened due to the ingenuity of two brothers, Tom and Louis, who decided to open a single second-hand bookshop in Ann Arbor, in Michigan. The store’s initial target market was the then growing academic fraternity that schooled at the University of Michigan. In addition, the store enjoyed frequent patrons from the area’s smaller institutions of learning. Within a short time, the shop became popular, both as a literature store and as a hip hangout. As time passed, the store grew, and the brothers managed to acquire two more shops. One was in Michigan, whilst the other was in Indianapolis. Furthermore, the brothers also invested in a promising wholesale venture, which they named the Book In venture Systems (B.I.S.). This venture also caught on well a nd performed well. For a long period, the brothers had been contemplating on starting their own superstore. In the year 1985, they finally started their initial trial superstore. The trial version performed so well that, in combination with the growing level of competition, it revolutionized the retail paperback business, and influenced it to vacate mall-based business and invaded the crowded urban sections. By the end of 1988, the Borders stores had grown in number to five, and their BIS business already had 14 customers. In total, the company was raking in net revenue of $ 1.9 million dollars. This came from its business sales that amounted to about $ 32 million. However, the brothers itched for more (David 209). The 1980s The brothers, in their pursuit of nationalizing their shops, the brothers employed the services of Robert DiMuraldo, who was a Drexel Technology Institute Alumnus, in 1988. In addition, Robert also held a Harvard MBA. Robert had immense experience from Acme Mark ets and Little General Stores

Interruption Interception Modification And Fabrication Attacks Computer Science Essay

Interruption Interception Modification And Fabrication Attacks Computer Science Essay The communication has been playing an important role since the dawn of civilization. It has become an integral part of existence in the societies which are highly networked where we live in. A few types of communication types have been developed during the earlier stage of civilization which resulted in evolving many types of communications till today. The communication through the internet is the best examples of the latest communication types.There are different types of communications prevailing in our day to day life such as Radio communication, Mobile communication, Telephonic communication and Network communication. Each communication type has its own importance but the communication over a network has been mostly implemented in our life and has been evolved as the most powerful and highly developed communication methods. The network communication method has created a great impact on lives of humans. So as this method is gradually developing and being used by many individuals a nd organizations, such advance in the technology has resulted in the security issues such as threats or malicious attacks to the individuals and organizations. So there is a need to encounter these threats and attacks which resulted in the introduction and development of different mechanisms for providing different services and CRYPTOGRAPHY is one of the mechanisms which is mostly used in the network communication. TYPES OF SECURITY ATTACKS: There are different types of security attacks which affect the communication process in the network and they are as follows Interruption: This type of attack is due to the obstruction of any kind during the communication process between one or more systems. So the systems which are used become unusable after this attack by the unauthorized users which results in the wastage of systems. Interception: The phenomenon of confidentiality plays an important role in this type of attack. The data or message which is sent by the sender is intercepted by an unauthorized individual where the message will be changed to the different form or it will be used by the individual for his malicious process. So the confidentiality of the message is lost in this type of attack. Modification: As the name indicates the message which is sent by the sender is modified and sent to the destination by an unauthorized user. The integrity of the message is lost by this type of attack. The receiver cannot receive the exact message which is sent by the source which results in the poor performance of the network. Fabrication: In this type of attack a fake message is inserted into the network by an unauthorized user as if it is a valid user. This results in the loss of confidentiality, authenticity and integrity of the message. CRYPTOGRAPHY: DEFINITION: The word cryptography is the science of securing information by different techniques such as encryption and decryption. The word cryptography is derived from the Greek word Kryptos which means hidden and graphia means writing, so totally it means hidden writing. Cryptology and Cryptanalysis are closely related to Cryptography. Cryptanalysis is the process of breaking the ciphers and coded without using a key and whereas the cryptology is the combination of both cryptanalysis and cryptography. In the process of cryptography the data which is to be transmitted and received is enciphered by different keys so that it cannot be understand by the unauthorized users. But only the sender and receiver can be able to understand this data. HISTORY: The concept of cryptography was originated in 2000 B.C. in Egypt where the Egyptians practiced hieroglyphics where it is used to reveal the story of the dead people by decorating their tombs and this process was practiced in order to make them to see more ceremonial, majestic and noble but not to hide the message themselves. But later many encryption techniques have evolved for show into practical applications in order to hide the information from others. The history of cryptography was very interesting and many changes have been undergone through many centuries. During the ages of civilization the important issue was the maintenance of secrecy due to the different reasons by individuals or groups and this secrecy maintenance helps the individuals or groups to gain a competitive edge, the true intentions of each individual can be hidden and also the weakness can be reduced. The innovations or advance in the technology has resulted in the changes in cryptographic history. The process of cryptography has begun by sculpturing the message on wood or stone and then it is sent to the person who has to be received and it is deciphered to the original text by different process. But the development of cryptography has undergone many changes from carving the message on wood to the stream of binary codes. These streams of binary codes are transmitted over network wires, airwaves etc in the past but now these binary codes are sent in the form of 0s and 1s through internet cables or open airwaves. These packets are encrypted so that they are not disturbed by the unauthorized users. The Egyptians have started the process of cryptography by replacing the original message with the different message with the help of cipher and this process is known as substitution cipher where each letter in the message to be sent is replaces with the different letter so that unauthorized cannot understand. This message is again retransformed to the original form by the receiver. For e xample the sentence or message STAFFORDSHIRE UNIVERSITY (Plain text) is changed to TUBGGPSETIKSF VOJWFSTJUZ (Encrypted text or cipher text) where each letter is replaces with the preceding letter so that no one can understand. ANCIENT METHODS OF CRYPTOGRAPHY: During the ancient times there were different cryptographic methods which have been implemented for securing the data safely so that it cannot be accessed by an unauthorized user. So the different methods are as follows Hebrew cryptographic method: This is one of the ancient methods of cryptography where flipping of the alphabets takes place in such a way that the mapping of the each letter in the original alphabet and the flipped alphabet should not match each other that means the corresponding letter in the original alphabet should be different in the flipped alphabet and this method of encryption is known as atbash. ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA For example the encrypted form of the word Staffordshire University is hgzuuliwhsriv fmrevihrgb. Spartans method: This method of cryptography was implemented around 400 B.C. by the Spartans where they used to encrypt the message or information by using a sheet of papyrus and a wooden stick or rod. The message which is to be sent is written on the papyrus and it is wounded around the stick or rod and this information can be known by the receiver only when the message was wounded around the correct staff so that the letters would properly match. This process is known as scytale cipher and when the paper is removed from the stick or rod the message which was written on the paper was just found as the group of the random characters and this different pieces papyrus are sent to group of soldiers by Greek government with the help of carriers. After receiving the papyrus the soldiers then wound this papyrus around the stick or rod which is of equal diameter and length so that the letters which are random match with the letters with the second rod and the message which is sent can be kn own. The soldiers make use of this method for the information about the strategic moves and military directives. Julius Caesar method: This is also one of the ancient methods of cryptography where Caesar developed a method where the letters of the word are shifted by some number which is set. He developed this method because of his non trustiness on his messengers. So he used to shift the letters by the number 3 such as the letter A is replaced by letter D. So the one who knows the shift by 3 rule can only decipher the message. STUDENT (Plain message) VWXGHQW (encrypted message) CONCEPT: The main concept of cryptography is the process of securing the information by changing the original form of the text or message to the form which cannot be read by the unauthorized user. The message which is sent originally by the sender is known as plaintext which can be read by everyone and the encryption technique is applied to this plain text which results in the formation of cipher text or encrypted text which cannot be read by an unauthorized user. An encryption algorithm is used to convert the plain text into cipher text and again this cipher text is retransformed into plain text by decryption algorithm. This means that cryptography is the science which is used for protecting the message or information by providing different ways and process in order to convert the message or information which cannot be read by anyone. The data or message is converted in such a way that the No access of data for an unauthorized person Information present in the data frames is hidden Data authentication is formed The altering of the data is avoided The message originator cannot disown the data So the information which is transmitted on information and communication systems can be protected or secured by the technology known as cryptography. This technology is applied in many fields such as finance, personal data, military etc.This technology provides a means of authentication verification of the data so that the real culprit can be caught who interrupts the confidentiality and integrity of the data. DIFFERENT TERMS IN CRYPTOGRAPHY: Cryptography: The science of protecting the message or data by using different techniques is known as cryptography. Cryptosystem: The process of encryption and decryption comes under cryptosystem. Cryptanalysis: The process of converting the plaintext from the ciphertext without use of a key. Cryptology: It is the combined study of cryptography and cryptanalysis. Encipher: The act of converting the data which is cannot be readable by an unauthorized user. Decipher: The act of converting the data into readable format. Plain text: This is the original message or the initial message which is sent by the sender to the recipient. This also known as clear text or original text. Encryption: This is the process of converting the plaintext or original text into the text in order to cover the message which cannot be understood by any unauthorized users. Ciphertext: The text which is sent for encryption results in the form of text known as cipher text or encrypted text which cannot be read by unauthorized users. Decryption: This is the opposite of encryption where the encrypted text or cipher text is retained to its original form by using this technique. The conversion of cipher text to plain text takes place in this process. Hash algorithm: This is the algorithm which is used in the encryption technique for the conversion of large string to the fixed length string. This increases the speed of the process. Key: Key is the specified value which is used for encrypting the plaintext to produce the ciphertext.The value of the key will be very high. It is the series of bits and instructions which governs encryption and decryption Cipher: This is the algorithm which is used for the translation of the plaintext to the ciphertext which is the intermediate form GOALS OF CRYPTOGRAPHY: The main objective of the cryptography is to secure the information which is sent from the sender to the receiver so that it cannot be accessed by any unauthorized user and in order to maintain the security of this information cryptography has need to take care of some characteristics which are as follows Confidentiality: The phenomenon of confidentiality plays an important role in cryptography. Confidentiality is the method of securing the information or message such that it can only be accessed only by an authorized user who is proposed to read it. The confidentiality of the information loses its importance when it can be accessed by an unauthorized user. So when a message is sent from A to B, only B should be able to understand the message. Authentication: The phenomenon of authentication also plays a major role in cryptography. The identity of the sender who is sending the message is very important for the receiver. So this is the process of sending the identity proof of the sender to the receiver such that the receiver can be able to know the person who is sending the message. The main concept here is the assurance. Integrity: The integrity of the message has very much importance in cryptography. The message which is sent by the sender should be the same when it is received by the receiver. The message should not be altered or changed during the transmission process by any unauthorized users. So this is the method of making sure that the message which is sent is not altered or tampered during the transit. The contents which are present at the sender should reach the receiver with the same contents without any change. Non-repudiation: This is the method to make sure that the message which is sent is nor disowned. The s ender after sending the message should not declare that it has not sent the message .Once the message is sent by the sender then he is the originator of the data. He has no authority of denying of sending the data. So these are the characteristics of cryptography where all these elements are maintained and implemented during the process of transmission of data from sender to the receiver. CRYPTOGRAPHIC or ENCRYPTION TECHNIQUES: A key plays an importance role in the classification of the cryptographic techniques. The number of keys used decides the type of cryptographic techniques used. So the two important cryptographic techniques area s follows SINGLE OR SECRET KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY OR SYMMETRIC ENCRYPTION: The single key cryptography is one of the main cryptographic techniques where only a single key is used for encryption and decryption of the data or message. So only a single key is responsible for the process of encryption and decryption. This is also known as symmetric key or secret key or private key encryption. So the process of encrypting and decrypting the message or information or data with the help of a single key is known as single key cryptography. The same key which is used for encryption is also used for decryption. The important point of this type of cryptography is that the both transmitter and the receiver should accept on the same key. Symmetric cryptography or encryption between A and B: The process of single cryptography takes place between A and B by sending the message between them. The message which is to be sent by A should not be accessed by an unauthorized user and it should be able to read by only B. In order to make sure that only B has to read the message then a secret key is generated by A. So the secret key which is generated is used for the encryption of the message and this encrypted message is sent to B in the form of ciphertext.This process is known as encryption.Inorder to read the encrypted message by B there is a need of the secret key which is generated by A. So the secret key is transmitted by A to B by different means. The key can be sent to B directly in person by A but it depends on the distance between A and B which effects time. If the distance is more it takes more time and vice versa. The availability of B also plays an important role in sending the key. So as soon as the key is received by B then the decryption of the data takes place wit h the same key in order to retain its original form which is the plain text. So the secure transmission of data takes place between A and B. PROBLEMS IN SYMMETRIC CRYPTOGRAPHY: The main problem in symmetric cryptography is with the key which are used to encrypt and decrypt the data or message. The key which is used here is not more secure.Inorder to transfer the message in the symmetric cryptography the sender should send the key along with the message through internet in the form of e-mail or through IRC services. So this type of transmission of keys is more insecure so that the data can be altered or tampered. The key can be transmitted physically but the distance between the sender and the receiver plays an important role and which is insecure. The process of transferring the key verbally through a phone line results in the leakage of the conversation to others. The sharing of the keys is also one of the problems in this type of cryptography. The other problems in this type of cryptography are key distribution and key management. This type of cryptography lacks in providing data integrity, non-repudiation and data authentication. Digital signatures canno t be created by symmetric cryptography. PUBLIC KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY OR ASYMMETRIC ENCRYPTION: The public key cryptography is also one of the main cryptographic techniques which is used for the secure transmission of data. Based on the security issues which are limited in secret key cryptography the public key cryptography has been evolved. This concept was introduced by Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman in 1975. The process where the encryption and decryption of the data or message takes place by two keys instead of a single key is the public key cryptography and this technique is known as asymmetric key encryption. As the name indicates asymmetric key encryption, one key is used for encrypting the data and the other key is used for decrypting the data. These two keys form a pair of keys and the combination of these two keys is known as key pair. The two keys which are used here are public key and secret key or private key. The public key can be liberally distributed to any one which is used for encryption and thus this is named as public key encryption. The other key which is the private key or secret key cannot be distributable to any one and is used for decryption. The secret key is private to any communicating part participating in the process. In this type of cryptography the message or data can be encrypted with only one key and decrypted with the other key where the key which is used for the encryption cannot be used for decryption. So the data or message which is encrypted by the public key should only be decrypted by the private key and vice versa that means the data which is encrypted by the private key should only be decrypted by the public key which results in asymmetric cryptography. Asymmetric cryptography or encryption between A and B: The asymmetric key encryption takes place between A and B by sending message or data between them. The message which is to be sent to b should not be accessed by any unauthorized user. So the decryption of the message should take place with the help of the private key by B. So B contains both the private key and the public key. The public key which is distributable is distributed to A and then A encrypts the message or data with the help of the public key which is sent by B. So the file which is encrypted by A is sent to B where the decryption of file takes place with the help of the private key. So the message or data cannot be accessed by any one because the private key is used for decryption which results in the secure transmission of data. SO the security of the data is more in the public key or asymmetric cryptography or encryption. The above process reveals that the only the public key is used for encryption and only the private key is used for the decryption of the data which reduces the unwanted access of data by an unauthorized users. The loss of data will be very low in this type of cryptography. The possibility of tampering or alteration of the data or message is very low in this type of encryption. The exchange of information or message is very secure in this process. As in the symmetric encryption the sharing of key is not necessary for the encryption or decryption because it uses different keys for different process. The public key is responsible for all the communications but the private key remains silent without any sharing. So each recipient has its key which is unique and this key is used to decrypt the data which is encrypted by its opposite part. PROBLEMS IN ASYMMETRIC CRYPTOGRAPHY: The major problem in this type of encryption is key lengths. The lengths of the keys which are used in public key encryption are very large of 1024 bits to 4094 bits. This results in the low speed of transmission of the data. The key lengths in symmetric cryptography are less from 40 bits to 256 bits which helps in the fast transmission of the data when compared to public key cryptography. So when compared to symmetric key cryptography the public key cryptography is most secure. The messages can be easily transmitted and can be secured in public key cryptography. The key distribution in the public key cryptography is the main asset for this type of encryption. The key management problem can be avoided in this encryption .the strong cryptography can be provided by the public key encryption which is the revolution in the technology. So public key cryptography has more benefits than private key encryption. CRYPTOGRAPHIC OR ENCRYPTION ALGORITHMS: The algorithm is the step to step procedure or the group of mathematical rules which are used for enciphering and deciphering the message or information or data. There are many algorithms which are used in the cryptography and they are known to everyone. So the different types of encryption algorithms are as follows SECRET KEY OR SYMMETRIC KEY ENCRYPTION ALGORITHMS: As the name indicates that in this type of encryption only a single key or a dedicated key is used for both encryption and decryption. The secret key algorithms which are used widely are as follows Data Encryption Standard (DES): Data Encryption algorithm is one of the secret key encryption algorithms which is the most widely used. The Data Encryption Standard specifies a FIPS approved cryptographic algorithms as required by FIPS140-1.The Data Encryption Standard (DES) algorithm has been developed by IBM in the year 1970s and the adaptation was made by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).This is also specified in the ANSI X3.92 and X3.106 standards and also in the Federal FIPS 46 and 81 standards. The exportation of this algorithm is strictly restricted by the US government such that it could be used by the unauthorized people or government. Data Encryption Standard (DES) algorithm provides basic building block for the data protection. The DES is a block cipher which is of 64-bit block size which converts the 64-bit input into the 64-bit output by applying the 56-bit key to each 64-bit data. There are 72 quadrillion or more keys which are used for encryption. So for each message or the information a suitable key is selected from these possible keys and then the process of encryption and decryption takes place with the same key which is the private key or secret key. But due to the innovation in the technology this type of algorithm has proved insecure which resulted in the introduction of Triple-DES (3DES) ALGORITHM where the name itself indicates that the encryption is done three times which is more secure and uses a different key for each encryption. Controversies around DES: The Data Encryption Standard (DES) has been bounded by different controversies such as the key length which s used is used in this type of algorithm has been reduced from 128 bits to 64 bits which resulted in the compromise on security and the other one is the exportation of the algorithm to many countries. DES APPLICATIONS: The Data Encryption Standard (DES) Algorithm has many applications apart from encryption and authentication of data. So the different applications are as follows Data Storage and Mail Systems: The data which is stored in the computers can be protected by the process of encryption and authentication. The passwords which are created by the users in the computers are encrypted by the systems and are stored in the computer memory. The user when enters the password again for signing then the encryption of this password also takes place and this is compared with the other encrypted password and the access to the computer takes place when they both match otherwise the access is denied. The encryption of the password is done by Data Encryption Standard (DES) algorithm with the key which is equal to the password and the plaintext which is equal to the users identity. The files which are present in the computer can also be encrypted by Data Encryption Standard (DES) algorithm for the storage. The computers have a key notarization system which are integrated into them and are used to secure the files from unauthorized access, modifications etc.This Key notarization also helps in providing digital signature capability by using DES.DES gives the users the ability of exercising a group of commands for the purpose of key management, data encryption and authentication functions. The facilities execute notarization which on encryption seals a key or a password. The sealing of key or password takes place with the transmitter and receiver identities. So the receiver must provide the correct identity of the transmitter in order to decrypt the message. This technique of notarization is applied in ANSI standardX9.17 in order to protect against key substitutions which may lead to the compromise of the sensitive data. The secure mail can also be provided by DES .The conjunction of the mail system and the key notarization system helps in providing the secure mail. The header which contains the information which is necessary to decrypt and authenticate the mail file is appended automatically to the file which is transmitted to the receiver. So the decryption and authentication of the file takes place by the receiver in a near transparent manner. `Electronic Funds Transfer (Wholesale and Retail): This is one of the main applications of the Data Encryption Standard (DES) algorithm. The DES plays an important role in protecting the wholesale and retail electronic funds transfer messages. Different standards such as ANSI X9.9 and ANSI X9.19 have been developed Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) messages. The efforts made by these communities have led to the formation of encryption standards (ANSI X9.23 Draft) and Key management (ANSI X9.17 ANSI X9.24 Draft) standards. The DES is applied in workstations, point of sale terminals, automated teller machines and host computers. The range of data which is protected by DES is of the range from 50$ to a multi-million-dollar transfer. The main criterion which helps the DES algorithm of its usage in the wide variety of EFT applications is the Flexibility. The standards which are developed for EFT application are being developed globally and so the process of encryption, authentication and k ey management have become global. The daily transfer of billions of dollars is done by the US government and the security of this transfer is taken by the Department of Treasury by initiating its policy on the authentication of EFT messages. The support of the Federal Reserve Bank is given to the Treasury in order to make the policy successful. The system which the treasury is considering uses hand-held tokens which contains DES key which are generated for the purpose of a particular individual. The authentication of the EFT message which contains the individuals identity is done by the key which is supplied by the token. The message which is authenticated is the electronic substitute for a signed paper document. Electronic Business Data Interchange: The very big companies have large part of the business transactions and these transactions should be automatic so that cost can be reduced and increases efficiency. So in order to achieve all these large companies are developing the process of automating business. The traditional method of business transactions which is paper based is replaced with the electronic means of transmission. The ANSI Accredited Standards Committee X12 is responsible for these communications by developing different formats. The transaction between the seller and buyer can be accessed by any unauthorized users. So there is a need for protecting the data from the modification and eavesdropping which is done by the process of cryptography or encryption technique. This technique is very effective in protecting the data from unwanted users. The data which is sent by the sender cannot be readable by anyone unless the receiver. Many DES standards have been developed for the pu rpose of the Electronic business data interchange. The standard ANSI X9.9 helps in protecting the data from the unnecessary modifications by the unauthorized user, the unauthorized disclosure can be prevented by the draft ANSI Standard X9.23.The techniques of ANSI Standard X9.17 used for the secure generation, distribution and the storage of DES keys. The above explained methods are implemented by General Motors and seven associated banks in order to protect their business transactions. ATTACKS ON DES: In addition to these different applications of DES it has some weaknesses which are as follows Brute Force Attack: The brute force attack is the simplest attack to decipher. The attack of brute force on the DES is due to the length of the key which is relatively small that is 56 bit and also computational power of the computers which is increasing daily. In the 19th century this type of attacks are not done by the hackers because the cost of the computers are relatively high and the hackers couldnt afford to buy it. But the innovation in the field of computing and technology made the hackers to easily buy the computers and try to hack. Now a days every computer is used for hacking. The powerful, Faster and cheaper techniques which are used by the hackers are Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and Application -Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC).The time taken to break the cipher is directly proportional to the key length in the brute force attack. In this type of attack the random generation of the keys takes place and these keys are applied on the ciphertext till the origin al key is generated. So the fake key decrypts the message in to its original form. So the main factor which is to be considered here is the key length. The longer the key length the higher is the security. In a n bit long key 2 to the power of n steps are required to break the cipher. So as long as the key length is going to increase then the secure data transmission takes place in the network communication. So in order to get the safe encryption the key lengthy should be long such as the 128 bits which results in the reliable means of encrypting the message. Differential Cryptanalysis Attack: This type of attack is found near the pairs of ciphertexts where the plaintext has some particular differences and these differences are analysed by this attack when the plaintext is propagating through several DES rounds when they are encrypted with the help of the same key. TRIPLE DATA ENCRYPTION STANDARD (3DES): Triple Data Encryption Standard (3DES) is also one of the encryption algorithms and it is the minor variation of Data Encryption Standard (DES).Triple-DES is adopted by ANSI as the X9.52 standard and also been proposed as a revision of FIPS 46, known as draft FIPS 46-3.This algorithm makes use of a 64-bit key which consists of 56 effective key bits and 8 parity bits. The block size for Triple-DES is 8 bytes and the encryption of the data is done in

Has Slavery Changed since Ancient Times? :: Slavery Essays

Has Slavery Changed since Ancient Times? Slavery has always been a large issue and possibly always will. The issues of today are often negative but did you know that back in ancient Roman times they were all for it? Well they were! The question that will be answered in this assessment is "In what ways, if any, has slavery changed from ancient to modern times?" I believe that slavery has changed very much from the past. Not that there may be more or less of it, but that it may be harsher and have worse conditions. In the ancient times slavery was a common and normal thing. In 70 A.D it was estimated that there were slaves in Rome. There were no troubles or controversies over it. Slavery was widespread and most families owned at least one slave. Today there is only one real way to become a slave but in Roman Times (rise of Rome) there were three. 1=Slavery due to crime committed. 2=Not being a Roman citizen. 3=Taken prisoner by Romans. An example is war. Some of these may seem unfair but it was the Romans belief in their superiority. There were many types of slaves that were good at different types of jobs. Often, rich families had so many slaves that they didn't really have to do any work around the house at all! There were other types of slaves apart from the above. These were Statuliberi = Slaves freed by their master's will. Servi sub unsufructu manumissi =Slaves made free by will remaining as slaves. Bona fide servientes = Freemen acting as slave to master Auctorati = Free men who were gladiators, under a contract to their gladiatorial master. Redempti = Freemen captured in war and ransomed back to non-relatives. They worked until they paid off their debt. Coloni adscripti glebae = Free persons who were tenant farmers. These slaves were not treated as a person but as an impersonal asset although they did have their rights. These were dismal rights but they were important for the slaves well-being. The rights were as follows: the slave was allowed his personal items (like money etc.), he could not be killed without a good reason. Masters had rights too of course. They could treat a slave anyway they wanted to. They could be abusive, friendly or do anything they wanted to the slave. They could defend themselves against slaves and could kill him/her if the master provided the courts with a good reason.

Pit Bull Research Paper

Pit bulls are a Misunderstood Breed Pit bulls are the most misunderstood dog breeds in the world. When people hear the word pit bull they automatically think of dogs fighting and attacking. When people say â€Å"pit bull† they're usually referring to a range of breeds and, often, a mixed-breed dog. (Lawrence, C Louisville Magazine Feb 2007) People think they are a very dangerous breed of dog. Because of this, some areas do not allow pit bulls and breeds like them. Pit bulls are the leading culprit of dog bites in America, but on the other hand, they are the gentlest dogs people will ever meet.The National Canine Temperament Testing Association tested 122 breeds of dog and Pit bulls placed the 4th highest with a 95% passing rate. (http://atts. org Feb 2012) With this fact it can only be how the dog is raised. People who own Pit bulls should be obligated to train their dog well. With any dog you need to train it so the owner has the upper hand. Owners need to know that they have to be dominant and for their dog to be obedient towards their orders. The dog comes second to themselves. Pit bulls are one of the most gentle of the breeds.Pit bulls are notable therapy dogs who visit patients that are recovering from emotional trauma. Pit bulls are also used for their service in sniffing out drugs on the borders due to their sense of smell being stronger than any other breed. These dogs are great family dogs and were babysitters in the 19th and the early 20th centuries. American Pit Bull Terriers were introduced into the United States of America during World War I and World War II. The purpose of the creation of the Pit Bull was to deliver messages back and forth across the battlefield during battle.Pit Bulls were first bred to bait bulls as a sport back in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as well, but soon became used as house pets due to their friendliness towards people. They were also known as great babysitters because of their intuition to protect thei r loved ones. These facts in themselves should open up people’s eyes to the Pit Bull breed not being an aggressive breed simply because they history proves that they had become great pets. A known fact to share is that Theodore Roosevelt owned a pit bull while he was president and his dog was a great sidekick for him in office.His dog provided safety for him, and not just because their dog was fierce, it was because he knew that specific dog could defend, be trained well, and become obedient. Owning a pit bull in today’s society has one of two reactions, they are adored or they are terrifying. The myths and horror stories that people say are why many fear them. They do not have â€Å"lock jaw† like many seem to think. Lock jaw is when a dog bites down on something and can’t let go. A vast majority of the population is known to believe that they have a killer instinct that does not stop, which is entirely not true.One cannot believe everything one reads or hears. There are two sides to every story, yet in this case, there are two sides to every breed. Pit bulls are like any other dog, they have to be trained and if trained right, they can be great family pets. When a pit bull falls in the hands of a bad owner than that is when you may have a problem. It’s easiest to understand this way; Suppose a child has physically abusive parents, they’re either going to grow up believing that harming someone is the only way to teach a lesson, or become skittish towards unfamiliar surroundings.It’s very similar to a dog’s life. They’re known to be physically damaging because they, themselves are physically damaged, because they’re â€Å"tough. † It all makes sense if it’s looked at from every angle of perspectives. Training a dog is not an easy thing, but dogs need extensive training so there will be fewer incidents. It is the concept of nature versus nurture. To this day, there are no facts about this either but both sides have great points and there is no set truth – but everyone seems to have an opinion. â€Å"An unneutered male pit bull is 2. times more likely to bite then a neutered male. In addition, male pit bulls are 6. 2 times more likely to bite then female pit bills. † In a study evaluating canine temperament, 82% of dogs received a passing score, 86. 8% of those dogs where American pit bull terrier (1800PetMeds. com Feb. 2012). There are ways to avoid incidents when in contact with these animals. When approached by a pit bull always remain calm, approach the dog slowly from the side not from the back. Do not provoke the dog – always ask the owners to pet the dog first.If an aggressive dog approaches you do not panic, give the dog firm commands like sit, stay, and easy, then back away slowly. When owning a pit bull socialize the dog with people and other animals, get them familiar with animals and people including children. Isolated dogs can become vicious and dangerous so be cautious when in contact with a not so friendly dog. (Skloot, R Aug 2007 Prevention Vol. 59, Issue 8 Pgs. 196-198) Banning a breed, which the technical words are breed specific legislation, is not a good idea.Putting a ban on pit bulls is a less than great idea because people will continue to own pit bulls and hide them or even abandon their dog(s) and leave them to die. The irresponsible owners should deal with heavier fines and possibly jail time and this might scare these owners into training their pit bull properly. There is no proven fact that banning pit bulls will cut down on the number of bites. Not every bull type is a killer so banning bull types is not a good idea. There are many different bull types and it is hard to choose which ones are dangerous.Most cities do not allow â€Å"pit bull breeds,† but why is it that a dog with 10% pit bull in it and 90% Labrador in it should be banned? There are also many apartment complexes t hat do not allow pit bulls, or other certain breeds of dogs, this is dog discrimination. There are many stories of pit bull dogs doing great things but for some reason, the bad stories are the ones people remember. Dog lovers need to do more to help this breed work towards a better reputation. Dog discrimination is a real thing; People can search for it online.There have also been many cases where certain breeds, namely pit bulls, are not allowed at certain dog parks. This is not politically or socially right. Pit Bulls were born to be great helpers and family pets – they are loyal, independent, friendly and lovable pets. Any pit bull owner will explain how wonderful they are with children, other pets and just about anyone. A friend and current pit bull owner, Sandy Sweeney mentioned â€Å"My dog, Sargent, is my best friend. I feel safe when he is around and know that he would never hurt a soul.He is wonderful with my son and the most loyal animal. I would be the first perso n to tell anyone how awesome pit bulls are as pets. † (S. Sweeney, October 2012) There are numerous articles online as well stating that pit bulls are great dogs and there bad reputations need to change and are dishonest. Overall, there are many stories – good and bad – describing the temperament of pit bulls but at the same time, there are many stories – good and bad – describing dog stories as well. Although there are some facts that Pit Bulls re the leading cause of dog bites in America, no one can simply use that to say that Pit Bulls are bad dogs and deserve a bad reputation. It comes down to nature vs. nurture and if you raise and train a dog well, any breed, people will see an amazing, wonderful creature who is loyal and with a happy temperament. In conclusion the pit bull is a misunderstood, gentle giant that people need to take the time and get to know. The reason why this paper was written is so people have the knowledge when dealing with this type of dog.There are irresponsible dog owners out there that don’t care about the actions of their dog. This causes the dogs to have a reputation that no good pit bull owner wants their dog to have. As was stated before, banning pit bulls is a dangerous move to make because there will most likely be more animal cruelty acts upon these gentle beasts. References (http://atts. org Feb 2012) (Lawrence, C Louisville Magazine Feb 2007) From UOP (Skloot, R Aug 2007 Prevention Vol. 59, Issue 8 Pgs. 196-198) From UOP (S. Sweeney, October 2012) (1800PetMeds. com Feb. 2012)